What is Denial of Service (DoS) attack?

DoS attack, denial-of-service attack, is an explicit attempt to make a computer resource unavailable by either injecting a computer virus or flooding the network with useless traffic. There are two types of DoS attacks: computer attack and network attack. 

Common forms of denial os services attacks are:

Ping of death:

Ping of death is caused by an attacker deliverately sending a ping packet, normally 64 bytes, that is larger than the 65,535 bytes. Many computer systems cannot handle an IP packet larger than the maximum IP packet size of 65,535, and often causes computer systems crash. It is illegal to send a ping packet of size greater than 65,535, but a packet of such size can be sent if it is fragmented. When a receiving computer reassembles the packet, a buffer overflow occurs, which often causes computer to crash. This exploit has affected a wide variety of systems including Unix, Linux, Mac, Windows and routers; but the fixes have been applied since 1997 making this exploit mostly historical.

Ping of flood:

Ping of flood is caused by an attacker overwhelming the victim's network with ICMP Echo Request (ping) packets. This is a fairly easy attack to perform without extensive network knowledge as manyping utilities support this operation. A flood of ping traffic can consume singificant bandwidth on low to mid-speed networks bringing down a network to a crawl.

Smurf Attack:

Smurf attach exploits the target by sending repeated ping request to broadcast address of the target network. The ping request packet often uses forged IP address (return address), which is the target site that is to receive the denial of service attack. The result will be lots of ping replies flooding back to the innocent, spoofed host. If number of hosts replying to the ping request is large enough, the network will no longer be able to receive real traffic.

SYN Floods:

When establishing a session between TCP client and server, a hand-shaking message exchange occurs betwen a server and client. A session setup packet contains a SYN field that identifies the sequence in the message exchange. An attacker may send a flood of connection request and do not respond to the replies, which leaves the request packets in the buffer so that legitimate connection request can't be accommodated.

Teardrop Attack:

Teardrop attack exploits by sending IP fragment packets that are difficult to reassemble. A fragment packet identifies an offset that is used to assemble the entire packet to be reassembled by the receiving system. In the teardrop attack, the attacker's IP puts a confusing offset value in the sebsequent fragments and if the receiving system doesn't know how to handle such situation, it may cause the system to crash.

Mail Bomb:

Unauthorized users send large number of email messages with large attachments to a particular mail server, filling up disk space resulting in denied email services to other users.

What is distributed DoS (DDoS) attack?

DDoS (Distributed Denial Of Service) is a tactic used to attack a victim from multiple compromised computers. Attacker installs a virus or trojan software on compromised systems, and use them to flood a victim's network in a way that the victim's server cannot handle it.

DDoS involves 3 parties: an offender, helpers and a victim. The offender is the one who plots the attack, and helpers are the machines that are compromised by the offender to launch attack against a victim (the target). The offender commands the helpers to attack the victim's host at the precisely same time. Due to this co-ordinated nature between the offender and helpers, the DDoS is also known as co-ordinated attack.

Resolutions:

If you suspect a DoS or DDoS attack due to a significant network slowdown or denied service, you may execute a few diagnostic Linux commands to find a host under attack.

First, you'll have to identify a host under DoS or DDoS attack. To do this, you'll have to monitor network traffic and see where the traffic is coming from and where they are going. This can be done with ethereal or tethereal Linux command.

Once you have identified the host, logon to the server and find server load. You may use w, uptimecommand to find server load. You may also use top and ps commands to determin Linux process that consumes most resource. To learn more about top command output, please read an article about high volume traffic.

DoS and DDoS attacks occur due to running vulnerable software on your server(s). The attackers use known application vulnerability and security holes to compromise the servers in different network either by installing viruses and trojan horses (intrusion) or initiate DDoS attacks. To prevent DoS and DDoS attacks, you may take following actions.1. Install Intrusion Detection System (IDS) such as Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment (AIDE). For installation procedure, consult Linux Gazzette. Perform regular system audits by installing and running RKHUNTER and CHROOTKIT to make sure installed Linux binaries are healthy. You may also install open-source network audit tools like NESSSUS, NMAP, and SAINT and perform regular network audits for vulnerabilities.2. Implement Sysctl. Prevent ping attacks (ping of death, ping of flood, and smurf attacks) by disabling ping responses on the network machines. Enable IP Spoofing protection, and TCP SYN Cookie Protection. On Linux variant machines, follow sysctl configuration procedure.3. Install advanced firewall and DDoS utilities. To secure your server and protect from DoS attacks, you may want to install APF, BFD, DDoS and Rootkit. To install those utilities, please follow DDoS Prevention: APF, BFD, DDoS and RootKit setup procedure.APF: Advanced Policy Firewall BFD: Brute Force Detection DDoS: DDoS Deflate Rootkit: Spy and Junkware detection and removal tool4. Install Apache mod_evasive and mod_security modules to protect against HTTP DDoS attacks. For installation procedures, consult mod_evasive and mod_security how-tos.